《自然》（20250724出版）一周论文导读

发布时间：2025-07-27 08:18:03 109次浏览来源：科学网微信公众号

Nature, 24 July 2025, Volume 643 Issue 8073

《自然》，2025年7月24日，第643卷，8073期

物理学Physics

Silicate clouds and a circumplanetary disk in the YSES-1 exoplanet systemYSES-1

系外行星系统中的硅酸盐云与环行星盘

▲ 作者：K. K. W. Hoch, M. Rowland, S. Petrus, E. Nasedkin, C. Ingebretsen, J. Kammerer, M. Perrin, V. D’Orazi, W. O. Balmer, T. Barman, M. Bonnefoy, G. Chauvin, C. Chen, R. J. De Rosa, J. Girard, E. Gonzales, M. Kenworthy, Q. M. Konopacky, B. Macintosh, S. E. Moran, C. V. Morley, P. Palma-Bifani, L. Pueyo, B. Ren, …Y. Zhang

▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09174-w

▲ 摘要：年轻的系外行星为理解行星形成与大气演化提供了重要桥梁。YSES-1系统拥有两颗围绕类太阳恒星运行的行星，是研究系外行星这一早期演化阶段的理想实验室。

研究者报道了通过其9-11微米吸收特征，直接观测到系外行星YSES-1 c大气中的硅酸盐云；并首次在其伴星行星YSES-1 b周围探测到来自环行星盘的硅酸盐发射谱。

YSES-1 c的云层由非晶态富铁辉石组成，或是非晶态硅酸镁与镁橄榄石的混合物，在1毫巴压力层处，其颗粒尺寸≤0.1微米。研究者将YSES-1 b周围盘状结构发出的辐射归因于亚微米级橄榄石尘埃颗粒，这些颗粒可能是由行星形成物质在盘中的碰撞所产生。

▲ Abstract：Young exoplanets provide an important link between understanding planet formation and atmospheric evolution. Here we report the direct observations of silicate clouds in the atmosphere of the exoplanet YSES-1 c through its 9–11?μm absorption feature, and the first circumplanetary disk silicate emission around its sibling planet, YSES-1 b. The clouds of YSES-1 c are composed of either amorphous iron-enriched pyroxene or a combination of amorphous MgSiO₃ and Mg₂SiO₄, with particle sizes of ≤0.1?μm at 1?millibar pressure. We attribute the emission from the disk around YSES-1 b to be from submicron olivine dust grains, which may have formed through collisions of planet-forming bodies in the disk.

Single nuclear spin detection and control in a van der Waals material

范德华材料中的单核自旋检测与控制

▲ 作者：Xingyu Gao, Sumukh Vaidya, Kejun Li, Zhun Ge, Saakshi Dikshit, Shimin Zhang, Peng Ju, Kunhong Shen, Yuanbin Jin, Yuan Ping & Tongcang Li

▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09258-7

▲ 摘要：固体中的光学活性自旋缺陷是量子传感和量子网络的主要候选者。最近，在层状范德华（vdW）材料六方氮化硼（hBN）中发现了单自旋缺陷。由于其二维结构，hBN允许自旋缺陷比在三维晶体中更靠近目标样品，这使其成为原子尺度量子传感的理想平台。然而，这些缺陷的化学结构仍然未知，并且利用hBN自旋缺陷检测单个核自旋一直难以实现。

研究者报告了使用C13离子注入在hBN中创建单自旋缺陷，并基于超精细相互作用识别出三种不同的缺陷类型。他们在同一类六方氮化硼自旋缺陷中观测到了S =1/2和S=1两种自旋态，展示了在范德华材料中进行原子尺度核磁共振以及对单个核自旋的相干控制，其π门保真度在室温下高达99.75%。

通过将实验结果与密度泛函理论（DFT）计算进行比较，他们提出了这些自旋缺陷可能的化学结构。该工作增进了对hBN中单自旋缺陷的理解，并为利用具有核自旋（作为量子存储器）的hBN自旋缺陷来增强量子传感提供了一条途径。

▲ Abstract：Optically active spin defects in solids are leading candidates for quantum sensing and quantum networking. Recently, single spin defects were discovered in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), a layered van der Waals (vdW) material. Owing to its two-dimensional structure, hBN allows spin defects to be positioned closer to target samples than in three-dimensional crystals, making it ideal for atomic-scale quantum sensing, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of single molecules. However, the chemical structures of these defects remain unknown and detecting a single nuclear spin with a hBN spin defect has been elusive. Here we report the creation of single spin defects in hBN using 13C ion implantation and the identification of three distinct defect types based on hyperfine interactions. We observed both S?=?1/2 and S?=?1 spin states within a single hBN spin defect. We demonstrated atomic-scale NMR and coherent control of individual nuclear spins in a vdW material, with a π-gate fidelity up to 99.75% at room temperature. By comparing experimental results with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we propose chemical structures for these spin defects. Our work advances the understanding of single spin defects in hBN and provides a pathway to enhance quantum sensing using hBN spin defects with nuclear spins as quantum memories.

生物学Biology

Rapid emergence of a maths gender gap in first grade

一年级数学性别差异快速显现

▲ 作者：P. Martinot, B. Colnet, T. Breda, J. Sultan, L. Touitou, P. Huguet, E. Spelke, G. Dehaene-Lambertz, P. Bressoux & S. Dehaene

▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09126-4

▲摘要：防止数学领域的性别差异是全球关注的问题。在婴儿期和幼儿期，男孩和女孩在数与空间的核心认知能力上表现相似。因此，数学中的性别差异通常被认为主要反映了“女孩数学差”这一社会文化刻板印象的内化。然而，这种刻板印象在何时、何地以及多广泛的人群中根深蒂固，目前仍不明确。

研究者报告了一项为期4年的纵向评估结果，该评估涵盖了法国所有一、二年级学生（2653082名儿童）的语言和数学表现。入学时，男孩和女孩的数学成绩非常接近。但入学仅4个月后，偏向男孩的数学性别差异已变得高度显著，并在1年后达到了约0.20的效应量。这些发现每年都重复出现，并且在不同家庭、班级或学校类型以及社会经济水平下仅有轻微变化。

尽管学校教育与年龄相关，但利用近乎正交的变异性进行分析表明，性别差异的扩大主要与接受学校教育的时间相关，而非单纯与年龄增长相关。这些发现指出，小学一年级是数学性别差距（偏向男孩）形成的时间和场所，从而有助于聚焦解决方案与干预措施的探索方向。

▲ Abstract：Preventing gender disparities in mathematics is a worldwide preoccupation. In infancy and early childhood, boys and girls exhibit similar core knowledge of number and space. Gender disparities in maths are, therefore, thought to primarily reflect an internalization of the sociocultural stereotype that ‘girls are bad at maths’. However, where, when and how widely this stereotype becomes entrenched remains uncertain. Here, we report the results of a 4-year longitudinal assessment of language and mathematical performance of all French first and second graders (2,653,082 children). Boys and girls exhibited very similar maths scores upon school entry, but a gender gap in favour of boys became highly significant after 4?months of schooling and reached an effect size of about 0.20 after 1?year. These findings were repeated each year and varied only slightly across family, class or school type and socio-economic level. Although schooling correlated with age, exploiting the near-orthogonal variations indicated that the gender gap increased with schooling rather than with age. These findings point to the first year of school as the time and place where a maths gender gap emerges in favour of boys, thus helping focus the search for solutions and interventions.

Bogong moths use a stellar compass for long-distance navigation at night

布冈夜蛾利用恒星罗盘进行夜间长途导航

▲ 作者：David Dreyer, Andrea Adden, Hui Chen, Barrie Frost, Henrik Mouritsen, Jingjing Xu, Ken Green, Mary Whitehouse, Javaan Chahl, Jesse Wallace, Gao Hu, James Foster, Stanley Heinze & Eric Warrant

▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09135-3

▲摘要：每年春季，数十亿只布冈夜蛾为了躲避澳大利亚东南部的炎热气候，会迁徙长达1000公里，前往一个它们从未涉足之地——澳大利亚阿尔卑斯山脉中数量有限的凉爽洞穴（历史上用于夏眠）。初秋时节，这些相同的个体会进行返程迁徙，飞回它们的繁殖地繁衍后代并死亡。

研究者揭示了布冈夜蛾利用繁星点点的夜空作为罗盘来辨别特定的地理方向，从而沿着它们遗传的迁徙方向导航，飞向遥远的目的地。通过将春季和秋季迁徙的蛾子固定在飞行模拟器中，他们发现，在无月的自然夜空下以及抵消地磁场的环境中（使其已知的磁感能力失效），飞蛾仍能朝着季节性适宜的迁徙方向飞行。

飞蛾大脑不同区域的视觉中间神经元对夜空的旋转表现出特异性响应，并且这些神经元被调谐到一个共同的天空朝向：当飞蛾头部朝向南方时，其放电活动达到峰值。研究结果表明，布冈夜蛾利用天体线索（恒星）和地球磁场构建了一个稳健的罗盘系统，用于在夜间进行长距离导航，飞向特定的目的地。

▲ Abstract：Each spring, billions of Bogong moths escape hot conditions across southeast Australia by migrating up to 1,000?km to a place that they have never previously visited—a limited number of cool caves in the Australian Alps, historically used for aestivating over summer. At the beginning of autumn, the same individuals make a return migration to their breeding grounds to reproduce and die. Here we show that Bogong moths use the starry night sky as a compass to distinguish between specific geographical directions, thereby navigating in their inherited migratory direction towards their distant goal. By tethering spring and autumn migratory moths in a flight simulator, we found that, under naturalistic moonless night skies and in a nulled geomagnetic field (disabling the moth’s known magnetic sense), moths flew in their seasonally appropriate migratory directions. Visual interneurons in different regions of the moth’s brain responded specifically to rotations of the night sky and were tuned to a common sky orientation, firing maximally when the moth was headed southwards. Our results suggest that Bogong moths use stellar cues and the Earth’s magnetic field to create a robust compass system for long-distance nocturnal navigation towards a specific destination.

大气化学与大气物理学

Atmospheric chemistry & Atmospheric physics

Trade-offs in aviation impacts on climate favour non-CO₂ mitigation

航空气候影响的权衡分析支持非二氧化碳减排措施

▲ 作者：Michael J. Prather, Andrew Gettelman & Joyce E. Penner

▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09198-2

▲ 摘要：对民用航空的气候影响评估一直主要量化三个主导性的气候强迫组分：（1）CO₂排放；（2）NOx(NO+NO₂)排放；以及（3）持续性航迹云。这三组分均产生正辐射强迫（RF），并导致量级相近的气候变暖。航空界正积极寻求通过先进发动机技术、更可持续的航空燃料和优化飞行路径来减少其气候足迹。

这些方法通常涉及CO₂与非CO₂（NOx或航迹云）之间的权衡，例如，多燃烧1%的燃料以减少4%的航迹云辐射强迫。研究表明，基于辐射强迫组分的不确定性推导出的气候权衡风险曲线，能够给出特定权衡比产生气候效益的概率。

对于每种组分，研究者计算了一年飞行活动产生的综合有效辐射强迫：即每项活动的全球变暖当量（GWA）。非CO₂GWA与CO₂GWA比值的互补累积概率分布生成了一条气候权衡风险曲线，该曲线给出了气候正效益发生的可能性，作为CO₂权衡增量与非CO₂权衡减量之比（即权衡比）的函数。这是因为两者的GWA×权衡量应该相等。

他们发现，对于上述建议的1：4（CO₂：非CO₂）权衡比，在100年时间尺度上实现气候减缓的可能性为 67%（很可能）。这支持了那些权衡比小于1：4的非CO₂减排方案。

▲ Abstract：Climate assessments of civil aviation have consistently quantified the dominant climate-forcing components: (1) CO₂ emissions, (2) NOx (NO?+?NO₂) emissions and (3) persistent contrails. All three components exert a positive radiative forcing (RF) and lead to climate warming of similar magnitudes. The aviation community is actively seeking to reduce its climate footprint through advanced engine technologies, more sustainable aviation fuel and optimal routing plans. These approaches usually involve a trade-off of CO₂ against NOx or contrails (non-CO₂), such as burning 1% more fuel to decrease contrail RF by 4%. Here, we show that a climate-trade-off risk curve derived from uncertainties in the RF components can give the probability that a specified trade-off ratio will produce a climate benefit. For each component, we calculate the integrated effective RF resulting from 1?year of flights: global warming per activity (GWA). The complementary cumulative probability distribution of the GWA(non-CO₂) to GWA(CO₂) ratio results in a climate-trade-off risk curve giving the likelihood of a positive climate outcome as a function of the trade-off-CO₂ to trade-off-non-CO₂ ratio, because the product, GWA?×?trade-off, should be the same for both. We find a likely (67%) chance of climate mitigation on a 100-year time horizon for the above suggested ratio of 1:4, favouring proposed non-CO₂ mitigation efforts with ratios smaller than this.

Decadal changes in atmospheric circulation detected in cloud motion vectors

云运动矢量揭示的大气环流年代际变化

▲ 作者：Larry Di Girolamo, Guangyu Zhao, Gan Zhang, Zhuo Wang, Jesse Loveridge & Arka Mitra

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09242-1

▲摘要：变化中的大气环流会改变全球天气模式及其极端事件，深刻影响人类社会和生态系统。基于大气再分析和气候模型数据的研究表明，近几十年来环流呈现出多种变化，但它们在变化幅度乃至方向上均存在差异，这凸显了利用独立、气候级质量观测进行验证的迫切需求。

研究者利用多角度成像光谱辐射计（MISR）卫星观测的、具有高度分辨率的云运动矢量，展示了过去二十年中对流层环流发生的统计显著变化。中纬度地区的上对流层云运动速度已加快，增幅达约4米/秒·每十年。这种加速主要源于经向流的增强，可能预示着风暴路径向极地偏移或温带气旋强度增大。

北半球和南半球热带区域分别以0.42±0.22和0.02±0.14°纬度/每十年（95%置信区间）的速率向极地移动；而相应的极锋则以0.37±0.31和0.31±0.21°纬度/每十年的速率移动。

研究还表明，将广泛使用的ERA5再分析风场数据降采样至MISR分辨率后，其气候平均值和变化趋势与MISR数据高度吻合，但也揭示出ERA5数据可能在上对流层存在偏差。

这些基于MISR的观测结果为改进再分析数据和气候模型提供了关键基准，有助于推动人们理解气候变化对云和大气环流的影响。

▲ Abstract：Changing atmospheric circulations shift global weather patterns and their extremes, profoundly affecting human societies and ecosystems. Studies using atmospheric reanalysis and climate model data indicate diverse circulation changes in recent decades but show discrepancies in magnitude and even direction, underscoring the urgent need for validation with independent, climate-quality measurements. Here we show statistically significant changes in tropospheric circulation over the past two decades using satellite-observed, height-resolved cloud motion vectors from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR). Upper tropospheric cloud motion speeds in the mid-latitudes have increased by up to about 4?m?s^?1?decade^?1. This acceleration is primarily because of the strengthening of meridional flow, potentially indicating more poleward storm tracks or intensified extratropical cyclones. The Northern and Southern Hemisphere tropics shifted poleward at rates of 0.42?±?0.22 and 0.02?±?0.14°?latitude?decade^?1 (95% confidence interval), respectively, whereas the corresponding polar fronts shifted at rates of 0.37?±?0.31 and 0.31?±?0.21° latitude?decade^?1. We also show that the widely used ERA5 reanalysis winds subsampled to the MISR are in good agreement with the climatological values and trends of the MISR but indicate probable ERA5 biases in the upper troposphere. These MISR-based observations provide critical benchmarks for refining reanalysis and climate models to advance our understanding of climate change impacts on cloud and atmospheric circulations.

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